Surface degradation and side reactions at the cathode-electrolyte interface lead to capacity fade. Stabilizing the surface prevents chemical mechanical breakdown during cycling.

Repeated cycling causes surface degradation and parasitic side reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Stabilizing this interface prevents capacity fade and thermal runaway in high-voltage lithium batteries.

Non-uniform distribution of metal ions during precipitation leads to structural defects in the final cathode. Achieving precise stoichiometric control prevents localized phase impurities and performance degradation.

Parasitic reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface lead to capacity fade and structural breakdown. Mitigating these reactions extends cycle life and improves safety in high-voltage environments.