Mechanical degradation and surface reactivity of particulate precursors lead to capacity fade. Mitigating these structural failures improves cycle life and electrochemical stability.

Unstable surface species like gamma-NiOOH and residual lithium carbonates cause electrolyte decomposition and gas evolution. Eliminating these impurities prevents capacity fading and improves battery safety.

High-capacity cathode materials suffer from mechanical strain and surface degradation during charge-discharge cycles. Mitigating these failure modes prevents capacity fade and extends battery lifespan.

Mechanical strain at grain boundaries causes structural instability and side reactions with electrolytes. Mitigating these failures prevents capacity fade and improves cycle life.