Uncontrolled exothermic reactions in tubular reactors lead to catalyst degradation and vessel failure. Precise thermal management prevents safety hazards and maintains reaction selectivity.

Inefficient phase separation and boundary layer resistance hinder separation efficiency. Overcoming these barriers increases throughput and purity in chemical processing.

Limited interfacial area between gas and liquid phases restricts the rate of molecular exchange. Maximizing this contact area increases separation efficiency and reduces the required equipment footprint.