Suboptimal conversion rates and poor chiral purity during the transformation of cyanohydrin precursors. Improving these metrics ensures the economic viability and chemical efficacy of the final herbicide.

Inefficient chiral separation and low optical purity in glufosinate synthesis. Achieving high enantiomeric excess ensures herbicidal potency and reduces chemical waste.

Inefficient conversion of cyanopropyl intermediates during the synthesis of phosphinic acid herbicides. Improving this step reduces byproduct formation and increases industrial throughput.