Direct contact between active material surfaces and electrolyte causes chemical degradation and impedance growth. Mitigating these surface reactions prevents capacity fade and improves cycle life.

Spontaneous formation of secondary phases like gamma-NiOOH leads to electrochemical degradation. Preventing these surface transformations maintains capacity and cycle life.

Variations in the lithium-to-metal ratio during synthesis lead to poor electrochemical reproducibility. Achieving precise chemical uniformity ensures stable battery performance and capacity retention.