Inefficient conversion pathways and byproduct formation during the synthesis of cyclic esters and acrylic precursors. Improving yield reduces feedstock waste and downstream purification complexity.

Residual byproducts and structural isomers in raw hydrocarbon mixtures prevent the attainment of high-purity chemical standards. Eliminating these contaminants ensures feedstock suitability for sensitive downstream catalytic applications.

Conventional transesterification relies on organotin compounds which pose environmental and health risks. Existing catalytic systems struggle with the conversion of diverse alcohol structures in fuel synthesis.