The keywords highlight catalyst regeneration and specific preparation processes for hydrogenation and oligomerization. These activities address the inevitable decline in reaction efficiency and site availability during chemical processing.

Inefficient conversion of ethylene during gas-phase oxidation leads to unwanted byproducts and reduced yield. Improving selectivity minimizes feedstock waste and energy consumption in industrial epoxidation.

Porous metal oxide and cobalt-based catalysts are prone to physical breakdown and structural degradation under operational stress. Preventing mechanical failure ensures consistent flow rates and prevents reactor fouling.

The focus on molded bodies and core-shell structures indicates that standard catalyst forms suffer from physical degradation or structural failure during gas-phase reactions. Improving mechanical integrity prevents pressure drops and extends reactor service life.

Low geometric surface area and restricted mass transfer limit the efficiency of chemical conversions. Increasing accessible surface area through complex geometries reduces pressure drop and enhances reaction rates.