Spherical or irregular nanoparticles suffer from low surface-to-volume ratios and poor packing density. Maximizing the aspect ratio through platelet morphology addresses the limitation of insufficient reactive or conductive surface contact.

Low reflectivity at off-specular angles prevents LiDAR sensors from detecting dark or angled surfaces. Increasing brightness and flop index ensures reliable object recognition for autonomous navigation.

High manganese oxide levels and non-sustainable precursors pose environmental and health risks in coatings. Reducing toxic chemical reliance ensures regulatory compliance and safety.