Inability of modified plant cells to successfully transition into viable whole plants. Overcoming this bottleneck increases the throughput of genetic engineering and base editing applications.

Inconsistent restoration of male fertility in hybrid breeding systems. Stabilizing reproductive control ensures predictable seed production and crop yields.

Fungal and protist infections cause significant biomass loss and seed quality degradation in oilseed crops. Mitigating these biological threats prevents catastrophic harvest failure and oil profile instability.