Inadequate monitoring of temperature and cooling system functionality leads to catastrophic cell failure. Early detection of thermal anomalies prevents hazardous energy release and battery degradation.

Voltage measurement errors and sensor drift lead to incorrect battery charge assessments. Reliable estimation prevents premature cell degradation and unexpected vehicle immobilization.

Undetected residual voltage and measurement errors in high-voltage systems pose safety risks and prevent accurate state-of-charge determination. Precise verification of voltage absence or presence ensures operational safety and prevents cell degradation during testing.

Uncertainty in real-time impedance and parameter values leads to inefficient charging and potential cell damage. Precise estimation prevents overstressing the battery and optimizes energy throughput.