Weak mechanical adhesion between the active material and the current collector leads to structural failure during manufacturing or cycling. Eliminating this interface failure ensures long-term electrochemical stability and electrode integrity.

Non-uniform material distribution during high-throughput manufacturing leads to localized impedance variations. Achieving spatial homogeneity ensures stable ion transport and prevents premature cell failure.

Poor physical connectivity between solid electrolytes and active materials causes high impedance. Eliminating these voids ensures efficient ion transport across solid-state boundaries.

Uncontrolled heat generation and propagation in high-energy density cells. Mitigating this failure mode ensures operational safety and prevents catastrophic battery failure.

Suboptimal salt dissolution and transport within the liquid electrolyte limits charge carrier mobility. Improving this ensures stable electrochemical performance and prevents power density loss in lithium-ion cells.