Internal cell failures lead to rapid heat release and propagation. Preventing catastrophic failure improves safety and system reliability.

Sub-optimal operating temperatures in high-voltage storage modules lead to reduced power density and permanent capacity loss. Mitigating thermal instability ensures consistent traction performance and extends battery cycle life.

High-voltage drive components generate excessive heat that leads to catastrophic cell failure. Preventing uncontrolled temperature spikes ensures the safety and longevity of high-density energy storage systems.

Vehicle electrical energy stores and redox flow systems suffer from thermal runaway or efficiency loss during high-load operation. Mitigating these thermal limitations prevents catastrophic failure and extends battery cycle life.