Standard terrestrial wheels lack the surface area and geometry to generate sufficient hydrodynamic propulsion. Overcoming this limitation ensures the vehicle maintains mobility and steerability when transitioning from land to water.

Mechanical failure and stress concentration at the hub-to-spoke interface. Improving load bearing increases vehicle durability and operational lifespan.

Mechanical interfaces in amphibious drive systems suffer from seal failure and lubricant contamination when transitioning between environments. Preventing environmental leakage ensures hydraulic system integrity and bearing longevity.