Insufficient charge retention and low energy density in current anode materials. Improving this capacity is essential for extending the range and operational life of electric vehicle power sources.

Sodium vanadium fluorophosphate and bipolar configurations suffer from poor charge transport and high internal resistance. Overcoming this limitation reduces ohmic losses and enhances rate capability in sodium-ion systems.

Insufficient volumetric and gravimetric capacity in positive electrode active materials. Increasing energy density is critical for extending vehicle range and reducing battery footprint.