High-current DC charging interfaces suffer from heat accumulation in cables and inductors. Resolving thermal bottlenecks prevents component degradation and allows for sustained high power delivery.

Communication failures and electrical mismatches between diverse vehicle-to-vehicle and infrastructure interfaces prevent safe energy transfer. Standardizing the handshake protocol ensures cross-platform interoperability and prevents hardware damage during high-current DC coupling.

Inconsistent signaling protocols between diverse charging hardware and vehicle controllers. Resolving this prevents handshake failures and ensures safe power delivery across heterogeneous equipment.

Ambiguity in hardware and software handshaking prevents safe energy transfer between diverse vehicle architectures and external power sources. Standardizing mode identification eliminates communication failures and physical connection errors.