Suboptimal coordination between internal combustion engines and electric motors leads to excessive fuel consumption and battery strain. Resolving this improves overall system efficiency and extends component lifespan.

Suboptimal power splitting between multiple energy sources leads to excessive fuel consumption and battery depletion. Resolving this improves overall system efficiency and extends operational range.

Abrupt power loss or improper shutdown sequences cause mechanical stress and safety hazards. Managing these transitions prevents component damage and ensures vehicle stability during failure modes.

External disturbances and internal motor fluctuations cause mechanical instability. Eliminating these oscillations prevents hardware fatigue and improves drive quality.

Uncertainty in power consumption and cruising range leads to operational inefficiency and range anxiety. Precise prediction under variable loads like trailer modes or rail transit ensures mission reliability.