Condensate and particulate buildup within after-treatment components cause corrosion and flow obstruction. Effective drainage prevents component degradation and maintains catalyst efficiency.

Non-uniform airflow across intake runners causes combustion instability and power loss. Balancing flow improves volumetric efficiency and reduces emissions across all cylinders.

Inconsistent flow rates across varying engine loads lead to combustion instability and increased emissions. Precise modulation ensures regulatory compliance and fuel efficiency across the entire operating map.

Imprecise control of exhaust gas flow leads to combustion instability and excessive nitrogen oxide emissions. Accurate metering ensures regulatory compliance and engine efficiency across varying loads.