Uncontrolled heat buildup during energy discharge leads to thermal runaway and component failure. Mitigating this bottleneck prevents catastrophic degradation and safety hazards in high-density electrical systems.

Inadequate heat dissipation and structural containment in high-density energy storage. Mitigating this failure mode prevents catastrophic vehicle fires and extends battery cycle life.

Thermal runaway and performance degradation caused by inadequate heat dissipation in high-density energy storage. Mitigating this prevents catastrophic failure and extends operational lifespan.