Fragmented thermal management components occupy excessive volume and increase assembly complexity. Consolidating sensing and storage into integrated modules reduces footprint and improves vehicle packaging efficiency.

High-performance computing modules in self-driving systems generate excessive thermal loads that exceed passive cooling limits. Preventing thermal throttling ensures continuous operational safety and system reliability.

Incomplete separation of liquid and gaseous refrigerant leads to compressor damage and reduced heat exchange capacity. Ensuring distinct phase separation prevents liquid slugging and optimizes thermal cycle performance.

Fluctuating temperatures during hydrogen storage and release cause pressure imbalances and material degradation. Maintaining precise thermal control prevents vessel failure and improves refueling efficiency.