Spontaneous energy loss and lithium plating create latent safety hazards and capacity degradation. Early identification of these failure modes prevents thermal runaway and catastrophic battery failure.

Uncontrolled stored energy in end-of-life batteries poses fire and electrocution risks during recycling. Eliminating residual charge ensures safe physical processing and material recovery.

Uncertainty in predicting remaining charge and discharge cycles leads to premature system shutdowns or safety risks. Precise temporal estimation prevents unexpected power loss and operational downtime.

Uncertainty in real-time capacity and voltage limits leads to premature power loss or over-discharge damage. Accurate boundary detection prevents unexpected system shutdowns and extends operational life.