Hidden internal battery parameters cannot be measured directly and lead to unpredictable failure or inefficiency. Precise estimation prevents thermal runaway and optimizes energy utilization.

Uncertainty in predicting remaining charge and discharge cycles leads to premature system shutdowns or safety risks. Precise temporal forecasting prevents operational downtime and battery over-stress.

Spontaneous self-discharge and lithium plating represent hidden failure modes that compromise safety and longevity. Identifying these latent defects prevents catastrophic thermal runaway and unpredictable capacity loss.

Uncertainty in remaining capacity and voltage thresholds leads to premature power loss or battery over-discharge. Precise boundary detection prevents unexpected vehicle immobilization and cell degradation.