Vibration and thermal stress cause electrical contact failure between cells and pack assemblies. Eliminating these failures ensures consistent power delivery in high-vibration vehicle environments.

Standard energy storage configurations suffer from excessive volume overhead and poor volumetric efficiency. Minimizing wasted space within the vehicle chassis increases total energy capacity and vehicle range.

Standard battery housing designs often suffer from poor volumetric efficiency and structural overhead. Reducing wasted space within the pack increases energy density and improves vehicle range.