Inadequate interfacial bonding between dissimilar materials in composite plates leads to mechanical failure and fluid bypass. Resolving these integrity issues ensures long-term durability in high-stress vehicle and filtration environments.

Inadequate electrical insulation and thermal instability in high-stress motor environments. Resolving these failure modes prevents short circuits and extends component lifespan in electric vehicles.

Weak adhesion between substrates leads to structural instability and component detachment. Improving bond strength ensures mechanical integrity in batteries and polishing pads.

Inconsistent electron transport and poor interfacial adhesion in carbon-based layers lead to electrical resistance. Mitigating these losses ensures stable energy storage and thermal insulation performance.