Inefficient heat transfer between cells and cooling surfaces leads to thermal runaway or capacity loss. Uniform temperature distribution prevents localized degradation and extends pack lifespan.

Limited spatial efficiency and thermal coupling between powertrain and cabin systems. Resolving this reduces system footprint and improves energy economy in mobile platforms.

Thermal gradients across battery packs lead to uneven degradation and reduced power capacity. Eliminating localized hotspots ensures uniform aging and prevents premature pack failure.

Non-uniform temperature distribution and insufficient heat dissipation in high-density battery packs lead to thermal runaway and reduced cycle life. Effective thermal management ensures safety and maintains electrochemical stability across the entire vehicle power system.