Inconsistent coordinate systems and timing offsets between on-board controllers and trackside transponders lead to inaccurate movement authorization. Resolving these discrepancies prevents collisions and improves headway efficiency.

Undetected obstacles, signal violations, and rail abnormalities lead to catastrophic collisions. Eliminating these failure modes ensures continuous operational safety and prevents derailments.

Inaccurate speed and position data caused by wheel slip or sensor degradation over time. Eliminating these discrepancies ensures safe train separation and operational reliability.