Standard zirconia ceramics exhibit high electrical resistivity which limits their use in spark erosion machining and electronic components. Increasing conductivity allows for complex shaping via EDM and broader functional applications.

Weak adhesion between ceramic substrates and metallic coatings or green body layers leads to structural delamination. Robust interfacial integrity ensures mechanical reliability in power electronics and structural components.

Standard ceramic housings suffer from brittleness and poor color integration during complex shaping. Improving structural integrity in multi-color decorative components prevents mechanical failure in consumer electronics.

Excessive mass in vehicle structural components limits fuel efficiency and payload capacity. Reducing weight while maintaining structural integrity provides a critical competitive advantage in automotive engineering.

Subsurface defects and surface roughness limit the optical and structural integrity of glass-ceramic components. Improving surface quality reduces mechanical failure and enhances aesthetic performance in electronic devices.