The cluster addresses limitations in the rate and yield of biosynthetic pathways for proteins and amino acids. Overcoming these bottlenecks enables commercially viable large-scale microbial production.

The introduction of transhydrogenases addresses the limitation of cofactor availability, specifically the imbalance or scarcity of NADPH required for high-yield biosynthesis. Overcoming this bottleneck allows for increased metabolic flux toward the desired amino acid product.