Limited space within portable or stationary systems restricts total power capacity. Increasing energy density allows for longer operation times and smaller device footprints.

Imprecise division and stacking of thin film materials leads to internal short circuits and non-uniform current distribution. Precise geometric registration ensures structural integrity and electrochemical consistency in high-density cells.

Inefficient spatial arrangement of active components restricts the total energy capacity per unit volume. Optimizing stack architecture overcomes physical footprint constraints in compact power applications.

Physical space constraints limit total energy capacity in standard form factors. Overcoming this bottleneck allows for longer operational runtimes in portable and stationary applications.