RF signals face significant attenuation and structural interference when transmitting through the complex rubber and steel layers of a pneumatic tire.

Conventional external sensors fail to capture real-time internal deformation, puncture events, or structural stress occurring within the tire layers during operation.

Mechanical vibrations and poor adhesive bonding cause electronic sensors to detach or malfunction during high-speed tire rotation.

Embedded tire sensors face structural failure during manufacturing and limited battery life for continuous data transmission.