Inadequate load transfer and bonding within the composite shear band lead to premature delamination and reinforcement fatigue during operation.

Incompatible surface energies between cured rubber and thermoplastic elastomers lead to interfacial separation and structural failure in non-pneumatic tire assemblies.

Non-pneumatic structures often suffer from structural fatigue or insufficient load-bearing capacity when attempting to replicate the cushioning and performance of pressurized air systems.

Friction-generated debris from braking systems escapes into the environment without a localized capture mechanism integrated into the wheel rotation.