Inability to precisely measure organic pollutants and acidifying potential in heterogeneous soil matrices. Accurate quantification prevents environmental contamination and battery performance degradation.

Large bulk materials resist fracture and require excessive energy to break down into fine particles. Overcoming this resistance increases throughput and reduces energy consumption per unit of processed material.

Low conversion rates and high energy requirements during the phase transition of solid carbon materials. Improving liquefaction efficiency reduces processing costs and increases yield of liquid fuels.