Insufficient localized immune response at entry sites and poor tumor targeting limit therapeutic efficacy. Enhancing site-specific binding and activation prevents systemic infection and off-target toxicity.

Rapid systemic clearance and short biological half-life of therapeutic agents. Extending circulation duration ensures sustained drug availability and reduces dosing frequency.

Reduced nitric oxide bioavailability and endothelial cell damage lead to systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. Restoring endothelial health prevents progressive tissue ischemia and hypertensive organ damage.