High-concentration co-formulations of multiple monoclonal antibodies often suffer from physical and chemical instability during storage. Preventing these degradation pathways ensures product safety and maintains therapeutic potency.

Single-pathway inhibition often fails to overcome complex tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Targeting multiple non-redundant inhibitory receptors simultaneously prevents compensatory signaling and therapeutic resistance.

Low binding selectivity for tumor-associated antigens leads to off-target toxicity and reduced therapeutic efficacy. Improving target discrimination enhances the safety profile and potency of antibody-drug conjugates.