Inability to verify the origin or integrity of products throughout a supply chain. Establishing a traceable biological identity prevents counterfeiting and ensures quality control.

Cryogenic storage causes lethal intracellular ice formation and osmotic shock in plant tissues. Improving survival and regrowth efficiency ensures the preservation of genetic diversity without loss of viable germplasm.

Low resolution in distinguishing between closely related biological varieties or detecting low-abundance environmental DNA. Precise identification enables reliable variety protection and ecological monitoring.