The materials suffer from environmental chemical attack and mechanical friction. Mitigating these failure modes extends the functional lifespan of industrial substrates.

Insufficient mobility of charge carriers within solid-state electrolytes and electrodes limits battery efficiency. Improving ion conduction reduces internal resistance and enhances power density.

Lignin-derived materials are notoriously recalcitrant and difficult to break down into usable fuel precursors. Overcoming this resistance to chemical transformation allows for the sustainable production of high-energy-density hydrocarbons.