Variability in chemical stability or delivery efficacy across different applications. Standardizing compositions ensures predictable therapeutic or industrial outcomes.

Standardized formulas fail to match the dynamic physiological requirements of developing infants over time. Addressing age-specific nutrient gaps ensures metabolic alignment and prevents developmental imbalances.

Heat-induced chemical transformation of reducing-end glucose links during processing. Preventing this degradation maintains the nutritional integrity and structural identity of human milk oligosaccharides.