Weak interfacial adhesion between heterogeneous waste particles and binders leads to structural failure. Improving bonding integrity prevents mechanical degradation in composite materials.

Non-uniform expansion during the molding process leads to structural weaknesses and surface defects. Achieving precise density control ensures mechanical integrity and material savings.

Inconsistent bonding of particulates to nonmetallic surfaces leads to material waste and structural failure. Precise spatial control over adhesion prevents unintended coating of functional areas.