Aerosol articles frequently suffer from mechanical deformation, nicotine migration, and thermal degradation during the heating process.

Aerosol-forming substrates often suffer from poor mechanical handling, uneven drying, or insufficient adhesion to heating elements during high-speed manufacturing.

Standard aerosol-generating substrates often create excessive pressure drop or restricted airflow, which prevents consistent aerosol delivery and reduces user comfort during inhalation.

Non-uniform substrate density and heat distribution lead to fluctuating aerosol concentrations and flavor profiles during the heating cycle.