High carbon footprints and poor bonding strength in traditional cementitious mortars increase project costs and environmental liability. These innovations engineer the integration of biochar and fly ash into hydraulic binders to stabilize the material microstructure and reduce embodied carbon.
Inconsistent stoichiometry and reactive phase variability in ladle and blast furnace slags lead to unpredictable setting and structural failure. Standardizing the chemical reactivity of these waste streams allows for the replacement of carbon-intensive traditional binders.