Natural rates of spontaneous chromosome doubling and haploid formation are insufficient for rapid breeding. Overcoming this bottleneck accelerates the development of homozygous lines.

Random or imprecise genetic insertion leads to high screening costs and unintended phenotypic variations. Improving site-specific targeting increases the recovery of viable, modified cells.

Limited frequency of diverse genomic modifications in primary transformants. Increasing event diversity accelerates the identification of elite germplasm traits.

Recalcitrance to genetic modification and unstable transgene integration. Overcoming these barriers allows for consistent trait development across diverse species.