Inefficient embryo survival and pollen viability limit breeding speed. Overcoming these biological barriers accelerates the development of stable genetic lines.

Inconsistent integration and poor regeneration rates limit the production of viable transgenic events. Overcoming these barriers increases the throughput of successful genome modifications.

Traditional breeding and genomic modification are hindered by slow, multi-generational processes and recalcitrance in specific plant species. Overcoming these barriers accelerates the development of elite germplasm with desired metabolic profiles.

Absence of specific flavonoids leads to male sterility and reproductive failure. Restoring or regulating these pathways ensures successful plant fertilization and seed production.