Limited availability of stable tetraploid germplasm restricts the development of seedless triploid varieties. Improving parental lines overcomes reproductive bottlenecks and poor flowering synchronization.

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis race 1,2 causes significant crop loss and plant death in melon cultivation. Lack of visual maturity indicators leads to premature or late harvesting, resulting in poor fruit quality and shelf-life degradation.

Narrow genetic bases in commercial pepper varieties limit yield stability and environmental resilience. Expanding the available gene pool through specific cultivar introgressions overcomes stagnation in crop performance.

Genetic vulnerability and low heterotic performance in commercial cultivars. Establishing stable parental lines ensures consistent hybrid vigor and predictable agronomic traits.