Insufficient rates of successful genomic integration and cellular recovery during editing. Improving these rates increases the throughput of viable engineered organisms.

Unreliable restoration of male fertility in cytoplasmic male sterility systems. Consistent fertility restoration ensures viable commercial hybrid crop production.

Low protein yield and poor subcellular localization limit the efficacy of genetic modifications. Optimizing regulatory sequences and transit peptides overcomes metabolic bottlenecks and spatial constraints in plant cells.