Acetyl-L-Carnitine Hydrochloride is a derivative of the amino acid L-carnitine, commonly utilized in various cosmetic formulations for its potential skin benefits. This ingredient is known for its role in cellular energy metabolism and is believed to contribute to skin health by promoting the production of energy within cells.
In cosmetics, it is often incorporated for its antioxidant properties, which may help protect the skin from oxidative stress and environmental damage. Additionally, acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is thought to support skin hydration and improve overall skin appearance, making it a valuable component in skincare products aimed at enhancing skin vitality and resilience.
CAS Number: 5080-50-2
Molecular Formula: C9H18NO4.Cl
Synonyms:
- Acetyl Carnitine
- Alcar
- Levocarnitine Acetyl
- Carnitine, Acetyl
- Acetylcarnitine, (R)-Isomer
- Medosan
- Branigen
Uses of Acetyl-L-carnitine Hydrochloride in Cosmetics
Functional role in cosmetics:
- Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is used as a antioxidating and skin healing agent in cosmetics.
Cosmetic Products Containing Acetyl-L-carnitine Hydrochloride
Recent products using Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride in their cosmetic formulations
- Perricone MD Cold Plasma Sub-d
- Circadia Professional Firming & Shaping Gel
- Inderma Peptide Scar Serum
- CellSkinLab Peptivel Boost B12
- Mirror Skin Copper Elixir
- Clinique Id™: Active Cartridge Concentrate For Fatigue
- Rhonda Allison Sea Gems
- Clinique For Men Super Energizer™ Spf 40 Anti-Fatigue Hydrating Concentrate
- Luminagen Anti Wrinkle Formula
- Aveda Invati Advanced Scalp Revitalizer
- Estée Lauder Turbo Lash Serum
- Quantum Hydrox Ramp Rainforest Amino Mineral Peptide Facial Day Fluid
- Darphin Contouring Gel
- Lab Series Maxellence The Singular Cream
- Origins Ginzing™ SPF 35 Hydrating Prettifying Finisher
- Jabushe Original Cream
- GLAMGLOW Youth Cream
- La Mer Genaissance De La Mer The Concentrated Night Balm
- MAC Prep + Prime Moisture Infusion Serum Hydratant
Top companies using Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride in their cosmetic products
- Perricone MD
- Circadia
- Inderma
- CellSkinLab
- Mirror Skin
- Clinique
- Rhonda Allison
- Luminagen
- Aveda
- Estée Lauder
- Quantum Hydrox
- Darphin
- Lab Series
- Origins
- Jabushe
- GLAMGLOW
- La Mer
- MAC
Regulatory Considerations for Using Acetyl-L-Carnitine Hydrochloride in Cosmetic Formulations
Few regulatory considerations are to be taken into account before using Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride as an ingredient. Given below is the list of those regulations:
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status: 3-O-Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride does not have individual approval but may be used as a component in products covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.
The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals: Listed as 1-Propanaminium, 2-(acetyloxy)-3-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride, (2R)-. This chemical has been assessed as a component of cosmetic products.
Alternatives of Acetyl-L-Carnitine Hydrochloride and Comparative Analysis
Given below is the list of alternative ingredients that can be used in place of Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride in cosmetic formulations:
- L-Carnitine
- Acetyl Glucosamine
- Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone)
- Niacinamide (Vitamin B3)
- Carnitine Tartrate
Comparative analysis of Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride alternative ingredients:
| Ingredients | Strengths | Limitations | Efficacy | Cost | Stability | Compatibility | Safety |
| L-Carnitine | Naturally occurring amino acid derivative involved in energy metabolism Supports fat metabolism and skin energy production Widely used in anti-aging and skin conditioning products | Less bioavailable than acetylated form for skin penetration May require higher concentrations for similar effects | Moderate for skin energizing and conditioning | Moderate | High | Good with aqueous and emulsion systems | Generally safe and well tolerated |
| Acetyl Glucosamine | Enhances skin hydration and barrier function Promotes even skin tone and reduces hyperpigmentation Supports skin repair and anti-aging | Does not directly boost energy metabolism Higher cost compared to simpler amino acids | High for hydration and brightening | Moderate to high | High | Excellent in anti-aging and brightening formulations | Safe and well tolerated |
| Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) | Powerful antioxidant that supports cellular energy production Protects skin from oxidative stress and aging Widely used in anti-aging skincare | Poor water solubility, requiring special formulation techniques Higher cost | High for antioxidant and energy support | High | Moderate (sensitive to light and air) | Requires encapsulation or solubilization | Generally safe |
| Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) | Improves skin barrier function and hydration Reduces inflammation and pigmentation irregularities Enhances skin energy metabolism indirectly | Does not directly stimulate mitochondrial function May cause mild irritation in sensitive skin | High for skin conditioning and brightening | Low to moderate | High | Good with most cosmetic formulations | Generally safe |
| Carnitine Tartrate | Alternative form of carnitine with good bioavailability Supports fat metabolism and skin energy Used in body contouring and anti-aging products | Less studied than acetyl-L-carnitine for topical use May require higher concentrations | Moderate for skin energizing and conditioning | Moderate | High | Good with aqueous formulations | Generally safe |
How Acetyl-L-carnitine Hydrochloride Works in Formulations
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is a potent ingredient in cosmetics, known for its ability to enhance skin texture, support hydration, and provide anti-aging benefits. It’s widely used in anti-aging products, moisturizers, and hair care formulations to promote youthful skin and healthy hair.
Ideal Concentration and Benefits in Different Formulations
Anti-Aging Products (e.g., Serums, Creams)
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is commonly used in anti-aging serums and creams to improve skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of fine lines.
- Concentration: 0.5%–2%
- Benefit: Supports mitochondrial function in skin cells, helping maintain a youthful appearance.
Moisturizers and Hydration Products
This ingredient is added to moisturizers for its humectant properties, helping to retain moisture in the skin.
- Concentration: 0.5%–2%
- Benefit: Enhances hydration levels and improves skin texture by attracting moisture.
Hair Care Products (e.g., Conditioners)
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is also used in hair conditioners to strengthen hair and improve manageability.
- Concentration: below 2%
- Benefit: Improves hair strength and helps smooth and add shine to the hair. Adds hydration and manageability to conditioners and hair treatments, especially for dry or damaged hair.
Compatibility with Other Ingredients
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is water-soluble and compatible with most cosmetic ingredients, making it easy to incorporate into aqueous formulations. Sensitive to high heat and requires careful temperature control during processing. May cause mild irritation in sensitive skin; patch testing is recommended.
Stability and Shelf Life
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is stable under typical storage conditions, but proper storage is essential to maintain its effectiveness.
- Shelf life: 12–24 months
- Best storage: Store in airtight containers, away from moisture, heat, and light to preserve its efficacy. Use sealed bottles or containers that minimize exposure to air and moisture for optimal performance.
Formulation Challenges and Troubleshooting
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride presents several formulation challenges due to its sensitivity to heat and potential for irritation:
Heat Sensitivity
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is sensitive to high temperatures, which can affect its stability in formulations.
Solution: Use low-temperature processing techniques to maintain its stability and efficacy.
Skin Irritation Potential
At higher concentrations or in sensitive individuals, Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride may cause mild irritation.
Solution: Limit use to recommended concentrations (typically below 2%) and conduct patch testing before market introduction.
Solubility Issues
May require proper solubilization for compatibility with other formulation components.
Solution: Adjust pH or use appropriate solvents during formulation development.
Regulatory Compliance
Ensure compliance with local regulations regarding the use of Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride in cosmetics.
Solution: Consult regulatory guidelines for specific applications and regions.
Is Acetyl-L-Carnitine Hydrochloride Safe in Cosmetics?
Safety reports for Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride are given below:
- Safety Assessment of Trimoniums as Used in Cosmetics. Download PDF
Environmental and Sustainability Impact
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is a derivative of L-carnitine used in cosmetics for its skin-conditioning and anti-aging properties. Its use raises environmental and sustainability considerations:
Environmental Impact
- Water Pollution: Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is biodegradable and poses minimal risk to aquatic organisms when used in typical cosmetic concentrations. However, improper disposal in large quantities may contribute to localized water contamination.
- Carbon Footprint: The production of Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride involves chemical synthesis, which requires energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable production methods can help reduce its carbon footprint.
Sustainability
The sustainability of Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride depends on its production methods and raw material sourcing.
- Raw Materials: Derived from L-carnitine, which can be synthesized or sourced from natural origins. Sustainable sourcing of raw materials can improve its environmental impact.
- Energy Use: Manufacturing involves moderate energy input. Cleaner energy sources and efficient processes can reduce its environmental footprint.
- End-of-Life Impact: Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is biodegradable and breaks down into non-toxic components, posing minimal long-term ecological risks.
Biodegradability and Toxicity
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is readily biodegradable and generally non-toxic to humans and the environment under normal use conditions.
Ammonia Toxicity: Not applicable. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride does not release ammonia or harmful byproducts during decomposition.
Eco-Friendly Alternatives
For those seeking sustainable alternatives to Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride, the following options may be considered:
- L-Carnitine Base: A non-acetylated form of carnitine that provides similar skin-conditioning benefits.
- Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone): A potent antioxidant used in anti-aging formulations with comparable benefits.
- Plant-Based Amino Acids: Derived from sustainable sources, offering similar moisturizing and conditioning properties.
Acetyl-L-carnitine Hydrochloride Side Effects
Symptoms
- Eye Exposure: Causes serious eye irritation.
- Skin Exposure: Causes skin irritation.
- Ingestion Exposure: May be harmful if swallowed.
- Inhalation Exposure: May cause respiratory tract irritation; harmful if inhaled.
Interactions
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride may increase the effects of certain drugs such as acenocoumarol, increasing the risk of bruising and bleeding. Caution is advised with concurrent drug use.
Target Organs
Primary target organs include the skin, eyes, and respiratory system.
Toxicity Data
Classified as Skin Irritant Category 2, Eye Irritant Category 2, and Specific Target Organ Toxicity (single exposure) Category 3 for respiratory tract irritation according to GHS classification.
Adverse Effects
Prolonged or high exposure may cause skin and eye irritation, respiratory irritation, and potential systemic effects if ingested or inhaled in significant amounts.
Exposure Routes
Primary exposure routes are dermal contact, inhalation of dust or mist, and accidental ingestion.
Antidote and Emergency Treatment
- Immediate First Aid: For inhalation, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention if symptoms persist. For eye contact, rinse thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical advice. For skin contact, wash with soap and water. If ingested, do not induce vomiting and seek medical attention immediately.
- Basic Treatment: Ensure clear airways and assist breathing if necessary. Treat skin and eye irritation symptomatically with appropriate emollients and eye washes. Monitor for respiratory distress.
- Advanced Treatment: In severe cases, consider advanced airway management and supportive care. Monitor cardiovascular and respiratory function. Treat any allergic or severe reactions as per clinical guidelines.
Properties of Acetyl-L-carnitine Hydrochloride
Chemical Identifiers
| EC Number | 610-570-8 |
| UNII | NDW10MX58T |
| InChIKey | JATPLOXBFFRHDN-DDWIOCJRSA-N |
| SMILES | CC(=O)O[C@H](CC(=O)O)C[N+](C)(C)C.[Cl-] |
| IUPAC Name | [(2R)-2-acetyloxy-3-carboxypropyl]-trimethylazanium;chloride |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C9H17NO4.ClH/c1-7(11)14-8(5-9(12)13)6-10(2,3)4;/h8H,5-6H2,1-4H3;1H/t8-;/m1./s1 |
Physical and Chemical Properties
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and exhibits a slightly bitter taste. It has a molecular formula of C9H16N2O4S and a molar mass of 232.30 g/mol. The compound features a hydrochloride salt form, which enhances its stability and solubility in aqueous solutions.
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is known for its role in fatty acid metabolism and is often used as a dietary supplement. Its melting point is typically around 150-160°C. The compound is sensitive to moisture and should be stored in a cool, dry place to maintain its integrity.
| Property | Value |
| Solubility | 36 [ug/mL] (The mean of the results at pH 7.4) |
Structural Properties
Acetyl-L-Carnitine Hydrochloride is a chemical compound with a moderate level of complexity. It has a molecular weight close to 240 g/mol and contains 15 atoms, including several hydrogen bond acceptors. The compound features 6 rotatable bonds, making its structure somewhat flexible.
It is canonical, meaning it follows a standard structure. Its topological polar surface area indicates a degree of hydrophilicity. There is also one defined stereocenter, which adds to its three-dimensional structure, while it has no undefined or special bond stereocenters. Overall, it has properties conducive to its use in various scientific and health-related applications.
| Property | Value |
| Complexity | 219 |
| Exact Mass | 239.0924357 g/mol |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 15 |
| Molecular Weight | 239.69 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 239.0924357 g/mol |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 6 |
| Compound Is Canonicalized | Yes |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 1 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 5 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 2 |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 63.6 Ų |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 1 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
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