Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic (also known as Diammonium Phosphate) is an inorganic compound commonly utilized in the cosmetic industry for its multifunctional properties. This ingredient serves as a buffering agent, helping to maintain the pH balance of formulations, which is crucial for skin compatibility and product stability. Additionally, it can act as a source of essential nutrients, contributing to the overall efficacy of cosmetic products. Its presence in formulations can enhance the texture and performance of creams, lotions, and other personal care items, making it a valuable component in various cosmetic applications.
CAS Number: 7783-28-0
Molecular Formula: (NH4)2HPO4
Synonyms:
- tribasic ammonium phosphate
- ammonium phosphate
- diammonium phosphate
- monobasic ammonium phosphate
- ammonium orthophosphate
+ 9 more…
- triammonium phosphate
- monoammonium phosphate
- ammonium phosphate ((NH4)3PO4)
- phosphoric acid, ammonium salt
- primary ammonium phosphate
- ammonium phosphate, tribasic
- diammonium hydrogen phosphate
- ammonium phosphate, monobasic
- ammonium hydrogen phosphate
Uses of Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic in Cosmetics
Functional role in cosmetics:
- Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic is used as a Buffering agent in cosmetics.
Other uses:
- Used in agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
- Used in flame retardants
Cosmetic Products Containing Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic
Recent products using Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic in their cosmetic formulations
- Eudermin Crema De Manos Forte
- Hobe Labs Energizer
Top companies using Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic in their cosmetic products
- Hobe Labs
- Eudermin
- L’Oreal
Regulatory Considerations for Using Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic in Cosmetic Formulations
Few regulatory considerations are to be taken into account before using Diammonium Phosphate as an ingredient. Given below is the list of those regulations:
FDA Requirements: Diammonium Phosphate is affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for direct addition to human food.
FIFRA Requirements: Residues of Diammonium Phosphate are exempt from tolerance requirements when used as inert or active ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops, provided good agricultural practices are followed. It is used as a buffer and surfactant with no specific limits.
Status Regulation (EC): Regulated under EU regulations 2002/2076, 2016/548, and 540/2011.
REACH Registered Substance: Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic is registered under REACH with an active status as of March 21, 2023.
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status: Ammonium monohydrogen orthophosphate does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard.
The Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals: Listed as phosphoric acid, diammonium salt in the Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals.
Alternative of Diammonium Phosphate and Comparative Analysis
Given below is the list of alternative ingredients that can be used in place of Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic in cosmetic formulations:
- Sodium Phosphate
- Potassium Phosphate
- Calcium Phosphate
- Ammonium Bicarbonate
- Sodium Bicarbonate
Comparative analysis of Diammonium Phosphate alternative ingredients:
| Ingredients | Strengths | Limitations | Efficacy | Cost | Stability | Compatibility | Safety |
| Sodium Phosphate | Effective pH buffering agent in cosmetic formulations Stabilizes product pH to enhance formulation stability Widely used in oral care and skin care products Generally non-irritating and safe at typical use levels | May cause mild irritation in sensitive skin at high concentrations Less effective as an oral deodorizing agent compared to ammonium phosphate | High as a pH regulator and buffering agent | Low to moderate | High (stable under typical cosmetic conditions) | Good with most cosmetic ingredients and formulations | Generally recognized as safe and non-irritating |
| Potassium Phosphate | Effective buffering and pH stabilizing agent Improves product texture and stability Used in oral care and rinse-off products Non-irritating at recommended concentrations | Limited direct cosmetic benefits beyond pH control May not provide deodorizing effects | High as a pH buffer | Moderate | High | Compatible with most cosmetic bases | Safe and well tolerated |
| Calcium Phosphate | Used as a mild abrasive and pH buffer in oral care products Supports remineralization in toothpaste formulations Generally safe and non-irritating | Limited use in skin care formulations Not effective as a deodorizing agent | Moderate as a pH buffer and oral care additive | Moderate | High | Good in oral care and some rinse-off products | Generally safe |
| Ammonium Bicarbonate | Used as a pH adjuster and buffering agent Decomposes to ammonia and carbon dioxide, aiding deodorization Water-soluble and compatible with many formulations | Unstable at elevated temperatures May release ammonia odor if not properly formulated | Moderate as a pH regulator and deodorizing agent | Low | Low to moderate | Good in rinse-off and oral care products | Generally safe when properly formulated |
| Sodium Bicarbonate | Commonly used pH buffer and deodorizer Effective in oral care and deodorant products Inexpensive and widely available | Can be abrasive in oral care at high concentrations May cause skin irritation in sensitive individuals | Moderate as pH buffer and deodorizer | Low | High | Good with most cosmetic formulations | Generally safe but may irritate sensitive skin |
How Diammonium Phosphate Works in Formulations
Diammonium Phosphate is primarily used in cosmetics as a buffering agent and pH adjuster. It helps maintain the desired pH balance in various formulations, ensuring both stability and effectiveness.
Ideal Concentration and Benefits in Different Formulations
Shampoos and Cleansers
Diammonium Phosphate is commonly added to shampoos and cleansers to help maintain pH stability and prevent corrosion of product components.
- Concentration: 0.1%–1%
- Benefit: It stabilizes surfactant systems and maintains product consistency and helps ensure the formula remains effective and gentle over time.
Creams and Lotions
In creams and lotions, Diammonium Phosphate helps adjust pH and improve overall product stability.
- Concentration: Typically below 1% to minimize irritation risks
- Benefit: It enhances formulation stability while being gentle on the skin and works well with various emulsifiers and solvents.
Hair Care Products
Diammonium Phosphate is also used in hair care products to stabilize pH and prevent metal corrosion.
- Concentration: Typically low to avoid irritation
- Benefit: Helps preserve product integrity and keeps the formula effective over time.
Compatibility with Other Ingredients
Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic is soluble in water and many aqueous systems, making it versatile for liquid formulations. Stable across a wide pH range but may release ammonia over time, especially at higher pH. It may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, therefore, patch testing is recommended.
Stability and Shelf Life
Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic remains stable under normal conditions, but proper storage is essential for maintaining its effectiveness.
- Shelf life: 12–24 months
- Best storage: Store in a cool, dry place, away from incompatible materials to prevent degradation. Use packaging that resists moisture and heat to preserve the ingredient’s integrity
Formulation Challenges and Troubleshooting
Diammonium Phosphate presents several formulation challenges due to its potential for irritation and ammonia release:
Ammonia Release
Diammonium Phosphate can release ammonia over time, which may increase irritation risks and environmental concerns.
Solution: Use at low concentrations and ensure proper pH control to minimize ammonia release.
Skin Irritation
At higher concentrations, Diammonium Phosphate may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions.
Solution: Limit use to concentrations below 1% and conduct patch testing for sensitive users.
Packaging Compatibility
Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic can corrode certain metals and degrade packaging materials over time.
Solution: Use compatible packaging materials like glass or HDPE to prevent degradation.
Regulatory Compliance
Ensure compliance with local regulations regarding maximum allowable concentrations and labeling requirements.
Solution: Consult regulatory guidelines for specific applications and regions.
Is Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic Safe in Cosmetics?
Safety reports for Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic are given below:
- Safety Assessment of Phosphoric Acid and Its Salts as Used in Cosmetics. Download PDF
Environmental and Sustainability Impact
Diammonium Phosphate is used in cosmetics primarily as a buffering agent, pH adjuster, and corrosion inhibitor. Its use raises environmental and sustainability considerations:
Environmental Impact
- Water Pollution: Diammonium Phosphate can contribute to water pollution due to its potential to release ammonia and phosphate ions, which may lead to eutrophication in aquatic environments.
- Carbon Footprint: The production of Diammonium Phosphate involves energy-intensive processes, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable manufacturing practices can help reduce its carbon footprint.
Sustainability
The sustainability of Diammonium Phosphate depends on its production methods and disposal practices.
- Raw Materials: Derived from ammonia and phosphoric acid, both of which are not renewable resources. Greener synthesis methods could improve its sustainability.
- Energy Use: Manufacturing requires moderate to high energy input. Cleaner energy sources could reduce its environmental footprint.
- End-of-Life Impact: Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic decomposes into ammonia and phosphate ions, which can contribute to environmental issues like eutrophication.
Biodegradability and Toxicity
Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic is not readily biodegradable and can be toxic to aquatic life due to its potential to release ammonia.
Ammonia Toxicity: Decomposition releases ammonia, which can be toxic to aquatic organisms and contribute to eutrophication in water bodies.
Eco-Friendly Alternatives
While Diammonium Phosphate is effective, alternative pH adjusters and buffering agents may offer sustainable options:
- Citric Acid: A natural pH adjuster derived from citrus fruits, offering a more biodegradable alternative.
- Glycolic Acid: A naturally occurring alpha-hydroxy acid that can adjust pH while providing additional skin benefits.
- Sodium Citrate: A biodegradable buffering agent derived from natural sources, reducing environmental impact.
Diammonium Phosphate Side Effects
Diammonium Phosphate is classified as a low toxicity compound. Exposure to this substance can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Inhalation of dust may lead to respiratory irritation, while skin contact can cause mild irritation. Ingestion of large quantities may result in gastrointestinal distress, including nausea and vomiting.
The compound is not considered carcinogenic, and there is limited evidence regarding its effects on reproduction or development. However, prolonged exposure to high concentrations may lead to more significant health effects. Environmental exposure has not been extensively studied, but it is generally regarded as safe when used according to recommended guidelines.
Proper handling and safety measures should be employed to minimize potential risks, particularly in industrial settings where exposure levels may be higher. It is advisable to follow safety data sheet (SDS) recommendations for personal protective equipment and first aid measures in case of accidental exposure.
Potential Risks
Given below is the list of potential side effects associated with the use of Diammonium Phosphate in cosmetics:
- Contact dermatitis, allergic
Symptoms
- Eye Exposure: May cause redness and pain
Adverse Effects
Exposure to Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic may cause skin sensitization, leading to allergic skin reactions. Inhalation of its dust or decomposition fumes can result in toxic pneumonitis, an inflammation of the lungs caused by exposure to irritating or harmful substances.
Exposure Routes
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol.
Non-Human Toxicity Values
The oral LD₅₀ (lethal dose for 50% of test animals) for ammonium phosphate in rats is 6500 mg/kg body weight.
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts
A tiered testing strategy was used to assess whether the addition of Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) and urea to cigarette tobacco alters the chemical composition or biological effects of cigarette smoke. Test cigarettes containing 0.5% or 1.0% DAP and 0.2% or 0.41% urea were compared to reference cigarettes without these additives.
The evaluation included: Measurement of selected mainstream smoke constituents, Ames test (Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 & TA100), Sister chromatid exchange assay (Chinese hamster ovary cells), 13-week inhalation study in rats, 30-week dermal tumor-promotion study in mice. Results showed that adding DAP (up to 1.0%) and urea (up to 0.41%) did not increase genotoxicity or alter the biological activity of cigarette smoke compared to cigarettes without these additives.
Properties of Diammonium Phosphate
Chemical Identifiers
| EC Number | 231-987-8 |
| UNII | 10LGE70FSU |
| InChIKey | MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [NH4+].[NH4+].OP(=O)([O-])[O-] |
| IUPAC Name | diazanium;hydrogen phosphate |
| InChI | InChI=1S/2H3N.H3O4P/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h2*1H3;(H3,1,2,3,4) |
Physical and Chemical Properties
Diammonium Phosphate appears as a white crystalline solid and has a faint ammonia scent. It is soluble in water, where it can dissolve and disperse. The compound is often used in fertilizers due to its nutrient content. In terms of density, it tends to settle in aqueous solutions. Its chemical formula is (NH4)2HPO4, indicating the presence of both ammonium and phosphate ions, which contribute to its utility in agricultural applications.
| Property | Value |
| pH | 8 |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Taste | Saline, cooling taste |
| Density | Diammonium: 1.8 at 68.0°F Monoammonium: 1.6 at 20°C |
| Color/Form | White crystals |
| Solubility | Insoluble in ethanol, acetone |
| Melting Point | 155°C with decomposition |
| Decomposition | When heated to decomposition emits very toxic fumes of phosphorus oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia. |
| Stability/Shelf Life | Gradually loses about 8% ammonium on exposure to air |
| Other Experimental Properties | Heat of solution: 42 Btu/lb = 23 cal/g |
Structural Properties
The structural properties of Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic describe its basic characteristics. It has a moderate complexity and a molecular weight of around 132 g/mol. The compound has 7 heavy atoms and does not contain isotopes. It is canonicalized, meaning it follows a specific structure.
This substance has 3 hydrogen bond donors and 4 acceptors, indicating its ability to form hydrogen bonds. Additionally, it has a topological polar surface area, suggesting its interaction potential with other molecules. The compound does not have any defined or undefined stereocenters in its structure.
| Property | Value |
| Complexity | 46.5 |
| Exact Mass | 132.02999377 g/mol |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 7 |
| Molecular Weight | 132.06 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 132.02999377 g/mol |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 0 |
| Compound Is Canonicalized | Yes |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 3 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 4 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 3 |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 85.4 Ų |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
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