Ammonium Bicarbonate is a multifunctional ingredient in cosmetic formulations, valued for its role as a pH adjuster and buffering agent. Its application ensures product stability, enhances texture, and improves the sensory attributes of creams and lotions. As a mild alkaline agent, it contributes to the efficacy and user experience of personal care products.
CAS Number: 1066-33-7
Molecular Formula: CH2O3.H3N
Synonyms:
- Ammonium hydrogen carbonate
- Monoammonium carbonate
- Carbonic acid, monoammonium salt
- Acid ammonium carbonate
- Bicarbonato amonico
+ 15 more…
- azanium;hydrogen carbonate
- EINECS 213-911-5
- UNII-45JP4345C9
- 45JP4345C9
- INS NO.503(II)
- DTXSID5035618
- INS-503(II)
- EC 213-911-5
- Carbonic acid, ammonium salt (1:1)
- E 503(II)
- MFCD00012138
- CH5NO3
- DTXCID3015618
- CCRIS 7327
- HSDB 491
Properties of Ammonium Bicarbonate
Chemical Identifiers
| EC Number | 213-911-5 |
| UNII | 45JP4345C9 |
| InChIKey | ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | C(=O)(O)[O-].[NH4+] |
| IUPAC Name | azanium;hydrogen carbonate |
| InChI | InChI=1S/CH2O3.H3N/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);1H3 |
Physical and Chemical Properties
Ammonium Bicarbonate is a white crystalline solid with an ammonia-like odor. Its high solubility in water makes it ideal for use in various applications. It is frequently utilized in the synthesis of ammonium-based chemicals and serves as a leavening agent in food processing. Environmental safety measures are essential to mitigate its potential ecological impact.
| Property | Value |
| pH | Approximately 8.0 (5% solution) |
| Odor | Mild ammonia-like odor |
| Density | 1.57 g/cm³ at 68°F (denser than water; it sinks) |
| Color/Form | White or colorless crystalline solid |
| Solubility | Highly soluble in water; insoluble in ethanol |
| Decomposition | Breaks down at temperatures above 34°C, releasing ammonia gas |
| Melting Point | 95°F (35°C) |
| Vapor Pressure | 58.9 mmHg |
| Refractive Index | 1.423, 1.536, 1.555 |
| Stability/Shelf Life | Stable under room temperature conditions. Decomposes gradually, releasing ammonium (21.5%), carbon dioxide (55.7%), and water vapor (22.8%). Higher temperatures increase decomposition rates. |
| Dissociation Constants | Dissociation constant (Kd): 1.45 |
| Other Experimental Properties | Volatile at elevated temperatures, decomposing into ammonia, CO2, and H2O. It has a negative heat of solution, indicating it absorbs heat during dissolution. |
Structural Properties
Ammonium Bicarbonate is a small, simple molecule with a straightforward structure and no electrical charge. It doesn’t have any flexible parts, making its shape quite rigid. Despite its small size, it can interact well with water, thanks to its ability to form hydrogen bonds and its water-friendly surface.
It consists of two bonded units, and its shape is consistent, without any complex 3D features. These properties make it easy to dissolve and commonly useful in baking or as a leavening agent where quick release of gases is needed.
| Property | Value |
| Complexity | 24.8 |
| Exact Mass | 79.026943022 g/mol |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 5 |
| Molecular Weight | 79.056 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 79.026943022 g/mol |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 0 |
| Compound Is Canonicalized | Yes |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 2 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 3 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 2 |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 61.4 Ų |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
Uses of Ammonium Bicarbonate in Cosmetics
Functional role in cosmetics:
- Ammonium Bicarbonate is used as a Buffering agent in cosmetics.
Other uses:
- Used as a leavening and swelling agent.
- Also classified under the ‘Specialized Industrial Chemicals’ functional use class according to the EPA Safer Chemical guidelines.
Cosmetic Products Containing Ammonium Bicarbonate
Recent products using Ammonium Bicarbonate in their cosmetic formulations
- Jolen Creme Bleach Sensitive Formula, Plus Aloe Vera
- John Frieda Brilliant Brunette Precision Foam Colour, Dark Cool Espresso Brown 4PBN
- Framesi, Waving System
- Davines REPLUMPING Hair Filler Superactive Leave-in
- Sally Hansen Creme Hair Bleach For Face
- Nature’s Gold Bleach
- REN Glow Daily Vitamin C Gel Cream
Top companies using Ammonium Bicarbonate in their cosmetic products
- Jolen
- John Frieda
- Framesi
- Davines
- Sally Hansen
- Nature’s
- REN
How Ammonium Bicarbonate Works in Formulations
Ammonium Bicarbonate is typically used in cosmetics in low concentrations due to its role as a buffering or pH-adjusting agent. The concentrations in which it is typically included in formulations can range from 0.5% to 5% depending on the desired effect.
Ideal Concentration and Benefits in Different Formulations
pH Adjuster and Buffering Agent
Ammonium Bicarbonate acts as a buffering agent to maintain a stable pH, which is important for the product’s stability, performance, and safety on the skin. When used in cosmetics, the concentration needed is often small. It helps control the overall formula’s acidity or alkalinity.
- Concentration: Most skincare and cosmetic products are designed to have a pH that aligns with the skin’s natural pH, which is slightly acidic (around 4.5 to 5.5)
- Benefit: Ammonium Bicarbonate helps in stabilizing the pH of cosmetic products. Ideal for products where pH drift could affect texture, efficacy, or shelf life.
Foaming Agent
Ammonium Bicarbonate can also be used in formulations that require foaming, such as in shampoos, cleansers, and bubble baths, although not as a primary foaming agent.
- Concentration: 1%–2%
- Benefit: It adds volume and texture to foam in products like bubble baths, shampoos, and facial cleansers. It also helps to create an optimal balance without overpowering the formulation.
Antiperspirants and Deodorants
Some antiperspirant or deodorant formulations use Ammonium Bicarbonate to balance pH levels and help neutralize body odors.
- Concentration: Typically on the lower end
- Benefit: Supports odor control and maintains a non-irritating formula base
Cosmetic Powders and Dry Shampoos
Ammonium Bicarbonate might be found in dry shampoos or loose powders for its ability to absorb excess moisture and oil. This can be beneficial in products aimed at giving a matte finish or absorbing sweat.
Compatibility with Other Ingredients
Ammonium Bicarbonate plays well with most cosmetic ingredients when used in low concentrations. It’s primarily there to do a job quietly like adjust pH, add light foam, or absorb moisture without affecting other active components.
Stability and Shelf Life
This ingredient is stable when stored properly, but can be sensitive to humidity.
- Shelf life: Up to 2 years from manufacturing date
- Best storage: Keep in a cool, dry environment, away from moisture and heat
Formulation Challenges and Troubleshooting
Ammonium Bicarbonate in cosmetics presents several formulation challenges, including:
pH Sensitivity
It decomposes at high pH or temperature, releasing ammonia and CO₂, which can affect product stability and effectiveness.
Solution: Keep the pH between 4.5 and 7, avoid high temperatures, and use pH buffers like citric acid.
Foaming Issues
Decomposition can reduce foaming ability.
Solution: To enhance foaming performance, combine Ammonium Bicarbonate with other surfactants or foaming agents like sodium lauryl sulfate or cocamidopropyl betaine. This will help ensure that even if the Ammonium Bicarbonate decomposes, the overall foaming ability of the product is maintained.
Odor Issues
The breakdown of Ammonium Bicarbonate can release ammonia gas, which can lead to unpleasant odors in the formulation.
Solution: Use fragrance compounds or essential oils that can mask or neutralize ammonia’s odor. Ingredients like citrus oils, lavender, or floral scents can help mask any lingering ammonia smell. To prevent ammonia release, ensure the formulation is pH-balanced and avoid exposure to high temperatures during both formulation and storage. This helps minimize premature breakdown.
Is Ammonium Bicarbonate Safe in Cosmetics?
Safety reports for Ammonium Bicarbonate are given below:
- Safety Assessment of Carbonate Salts as Used in Cosmetics. Download PDF
Regulatory Considerations for Using Ammonium Bicarbonate in Cosmetic Formulations
Few Regulatory considerations are to be taken into account before using Ammonium Bicarbonate as an ingredient. Given below is the list of those regulations:
FDA Requirements: Ammonium Bicarbonate is generally considered as safe (GRAS) when used in food and feed applications according to good manufacturing practices.
FIFRA Requirements: Residues of Ammonium Bicarbonate in or on food commodities are exempt from tolerance requirements when used in compliance with good agricultural practices.
CERCLA Reportable Quantities: A release of Ammonium Bicarbonate exceeding 5,000 lb (2,270 kg) must be reported immediately to the National Response Center (NRC) under CERCLA regulations (40 CFR 302.4).
Clean Water Act Requirements: Ammonium Bicarbonate is designated as a hazardous substance under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and regulated for environmental discharge under the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978.
Ammonium Bicarbonate Side Effects
Ammonium Bicarbonate is considered a low-toxicity compound. However, exposure to large amounts can result in gastrointestinal irritation, respiratory discomfort, or skin sensitivity. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in food applications but requires careful handling in industrial settings. Proper protective equipment should be used to prevent adverse health effects during exposure.
Symptoms
- Eye Exposure: May cause redness, pain.
- Inhalation Exposure: Can lead to coughing and sore throat.
Exposure Routes
Ammonium Bicarbonate can be absorbed through inhalation of its aerosol.
Human Toxicity Excerpts
Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal irritation, while inhalation of dust may lead to respiratory discomfort. Contact with skin and eyes may result in irritation.
Non-Human Toxicity Values
The LD50 value for Ammonium Bicarbonate in mice, when administered intravenously, is reported as 245 mg/kg, indicating moderate acute toxicity for this exposure route.
Antidote and Emergency Treatment
- Immediate First Aid: Decontaminate exposed areas immediately. Provide artificial respiration if the patient is not breathing and administer CPR as necessary. Flush contaminated eyes with water and avoid inducing vomiting. Maintain airway integrity and seek medical attention promptly.
- Basic Treatment: Ensure the airway is clear, monitor respiration, and provide oxygen as needed. For eye contamination, flush eyes thoroughly with saline during transport. Avoid inducing vomiting and rinse the mouth with water if ingested.
- Advanced Treatment: Intubation may be necessary for severe respiratory distress. Administer bronchodilators for bronchospasm and monitor cardiac function for arrhythmias. Fluid replacement should be cautiously managed in cases of hypovolemia or shock.
Environmental and Sustainability Impact
Ammonium Bicarbonate is used in cosmetics primarily for its role as a pH adjuster, buffering agent, and foaming agent. It is commonly found in products like shampoos, bubble baths, deodorants, and some skincare products. When used in small quantities, its direct environmental impact is relatively minimal, but there are still considerations:
Environmental Impact
- Water Pollution: When Ammonium Bicarbonate is released into the environment, especially through wastewater, it can decompose into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Ammonia, in high concentrations, can be harmful to aquatic ecosystems, leading to eutrophication (excess nutrients causing algae blooms and oxygen depletion in water bodies).
- Carbon Footprint: The production of Ammonium Bicarbonate itself has an environmental impact. The manufacturing process typically involves the reaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide. This process can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, especially if fossil fuels are used as a source of energy. However, the direct environmental impact of Ammonium Bicarbonate used in cosmetics is less significant compared to industrial-scale emissions from large-scale production.
Sustainability
The sustainability of Ammonium Bicarbonate depends on how it is produced, used, and disposed of.
- Raw Materials: Ammonium bicarbonate is derived from ammonia and carbon dioxide. Both ammonia production and CO₂ emissions (especially from fossil fuel use) have environmental costs.
- Energy Use: The production of Ammonium Bicarbonate can be energy-intensive, especially if fossil fuels are the primary energy source. However, if the production process were to utilize renewable energy, the environmental footprint could be reduced.
- End-of-Life Impact: When Ammonium Bicarbonate is released into the environment, its decomposition products (ammonia and CO₂) can contribute to water pollution and climate change, but this depends largely on the quantity released and the local environmental conditions.
Biodegradability and Toxicity
Ammonium Bicarbonate is biodegradable and typically breaks down into ammonia and carbon dioxide, both of which can be further processed by bacteria and natural systems. However, if large quantities of ammonia enter aquatic environments, they can disrupt ecosystems by contributing to eutrophication, a process that harms water quality by causing excessive algae growth.
Ammonia Toxicity: In high concentrations, ammonia is toxic to aquatic organisms and can disrupt the nitrogen cycle. While the concentrations of Ammonium Bicarbonate used in cosmetics are generally small, improper disposal of wastewater containing these chemicals can still have a localized negative impact.
Eco-Friendly Alternatives
There are several alternatives to Ammonium Bicarbonate that might have a lower environmental impact:
- Citric Acid: Derived from citrus fruits, citric acid is a biodegradable, natural alternative that can be used as a pH adjuster. It has a much lower environmental impact and is less likely to contribute to water pollution.
- Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda): Sodium bicarbonate is also biodegradable and often considered a more eco-friendly option. It is more widely available and can serve similar functions in cosmetic products.
- Natural Acids: Alternatives like tartaric acid and lactic acid are derived from natural sources like grapes and fermented plants, respectively. These acids are biodegradable and have a less harmful environmental impact.
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