Ammonium Carbonate is an essential inorganic compound frequently utilized in cosmetic formulations. Its primary roles include acting as a pH regulator and buffering agent to enhance the stability and performance of products. Additionally, it contributes to formulations aimed at exfoliation, improving skin texture by aiding in the removal of dead skin cells. These properties make it a versatile component in personal care products, ensuring efficacy and user satisfaction.
CAS Number: 10361-29-2
Molecular Formula: CH2O3.2H3N
Synonyms:
- Diammonium carbonate
- Ammonium carbonicum
- Ammonia sesquicarbonate
- Carbonic acid, ammonium salt (1:2)
- Carbonic acid, ammonium salt
+ 21 more…
- diazanium;carbonate
- Caswell No. 042
- UNII-PDP691CN28
- CCRIS 7328
- HSDB 6305
- 506-87-6
- EINECS 208-058-0
- EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 073501
- Hartshorn
- AI3-25347
- PDP691CN28
- DTXSID5047457
- MFCD00010890
- 8013-59-0
- MFCD00085313
- EINECS 233-786-0
- E 503
- SAL VOLATILE
- BIS(AMMONIUM) CARBONATE
- GTPL4509
- CHEBI:229630
Properties of Ammonium Carbonate
Chemical Identifiers
| EC Number | 233-786-0 |
| UNII | PDP691CN28 |
| InChIKey | PRKQVKDSMLBJBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | C(=O)([O-])[O-].[NH4+].[NH4+] |
| IUPAC Name | diazanium;carbonate |
| InChI | InChI=1S/CH2O3.2H3N/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);2*1H3 |
Physical and Chemical Properties
Ammonium Carbonate is a colorless crystalline or white powder emitting a strong ammonia odor. Its environmental implications highlight the need for careful handling to prevent ecological contamination. Ammonium Carbonate finds applications in manufacturing ammonium derivatives, pharmaceuticals, and as a leavening agent in food processing.
| Property | Value |
| pH | Approximately 8.6 (5% solution) |
| Odor | Strong ammonia-like odor |
| Taste | Sharp ammoniacal taste |
| Density | 1.5 g/cm³ at 68°F (denser than water; it sinks) |
| Color/Form | Colorless crystalline powder |
| Solubility | Highly soluble in water |
| Decomposition | Breaks down in hot water, releasing ammonia and carbon dioxide |
| Melting Point | 58°C (decomposes) |
| Odor Threshold | Below 5 ppm as ammonia gas |
| Stability/Shelf Life | Decomposes upon exposure to air, losing ammonia and carbon dioxide and converting into ammonium bicarbonate. Becomes powdery and white over time. |
| Other Experimental Properties | Decomposes in air with loss of NH3 and CO2, converting to ammonium bicarbonate. Volatile at approximately 60°C. Decomposed by hot water, with the carbamate portion dissolving in alcohol. |
Structural Properties
Ammonium Carbonate has a relatively simple structure, with a moderate molecular weight and no formal charge. It consists of six atoms, including both hydrogen and oxygen atoms that play a role in its interactions, making it capable of forming hydrogen bonds. The compound’s surface area for polar interactions is fairly substantial.
It’s a stable, canonical form, meaning its structure is commonly recognized in scientific contexts. area that interacts with other molecules is 65.2 square angstroms, indicating how it might engage in reactions. Overall, it is a small, polar compound with straightforward bonding characteristics and potential for interaction in various chemical processes.
| Property | Value |
| Complexity | 18.8 |
| Exact Mass | 96.05349212 g/mol |
| Formal Charge | 0 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 6 |
| Molecular Weight | 96.09 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic Mass | 96.05349212 g/mol |
| Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 0 |
| Compound Is Canonicalized | Yes |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 2 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 3 |
| Covalently-Bonded Unit Count | 3 |
| Topological Polar Surface Area | 65.2 Ų |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Defined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
| Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count | 0 |
Uses of Ammonium Carbonate in Cosmetics
Functional role in cosmetics:
- Ammonium Carbonate is used as a Buffering agent in cosmetics.
Other uses:
- Used in adhesives and sealants.
- Applied in separation processes for solids.
- Also classified under the ‘Specialized Industrial Chemicals’ functional use class according to the EPA Safer Chemical guidelines.
How Ammonium Carbonate Works in Formulations
Ammonium Carbonate is used in various cosmetic and personal care formulations for its roles as a pH adjuster, odor neutralizer, and mild foaming aid. Its application and behavior vary depending on the product type.
Ideal Concentration and Benefits in Different Formulations
Hair Care Products
It is used in shampoos and scalp treatments for pH regulation and light foaming. It should be combined with primary surfactants for effective cleansing.
- Concentration: 0.5%–2%
- Benefit: It helps maintain scalp comfort and product stability.
Bath and Body Cleansers
For body cleansers, Ammonium Carbonate functions as a buffering agent and provides a cooling or fizzing effect upon contact with water. It requires fragrance support to mask ammonia odor.
- Concentration: 1%–3%
- Benefit: Releases CO₂ and ammonia, creating an effervescent or cooling sensation.
Deodorants and Antiperspirants
Ammonium Carbonate is useful in deodorants and antiperspirants for pH control and odor neutralization. It should be formulated at lower temperatures to preserve stability.
- Concentration: 0.5%–1%
- Benefit: Helps reduce bacterial growth by adjusting pH.
Powder-Based Products
It is included in dry shampoos and body powders for its moisture-absorbing and odor-neutralizing properties. It is sensitive to humidity; packaging must minimize exposure to moisture.
- Concentration: ≤1%
- Benefit: Absorbs moisture and freshens up the skin or hair. It provides a temporary freshening effect when activated by sweat.
Fragrance-Linked Products
It is used to create a short-term volatile ‘fresh burst’ sensation. Volatility can enhance top notes but may clash with delicate fragrances. It requires balancing with masking agents if ammonia is noticeable.
- Concentration: ≤1%
- Benefit: It adds a fresh burst sensation with its volatility and enhances top notes in perfumes and body sprays.
Compatibility with Other Ingredients
Ammonium Carbonate is a widely used ingredient in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. It exhibits compatibility with a broad range of ingredients, such as acids and bases, but its interaction with certain compounds, like strong acids, should be carefully managed to avoid degradation or undesirable reactions.
In cosmetics, Ammonium Carbonate can be safely mixed with surfactants, stabilizers, and emulsifiers, although its alkaline nature may affect the pH balance.
Stability and Shelf Life
Ammonium Carbonate decomposes under acidic or high-temperature conditions. It is not compatible with acidic ingredients or high-temperature processing.
- Shelf life: 18–24 months
- Best storage: Keep in airtight containers away from moisture and heat.
Formulation Challenges and Troubleshooting
Ammonium Carbonate presents several formulation challenges in cosmetics due to its instability, volatility, and interaction with other ingredients:
pH Sensitivity
Ammonium Carbonate is unstable in low pH environments and can decompose rapidly, releasing ammonia and carbon dioxide, which may affect the pH balance and sensory properties of the product.
Solution: Maintain formulation pH between 5 and 7. Use buffering agents like sodium citrate to stabilize the pH and avoid adding strong acids that could trigger decomposition.
Thermal Instability
It decomposes when exposed to elevated temperatures, leading to loss of active function and the release of ammonia, which can impact shelf life and product aesthetics.
Solution: Process and store products below 40°C. Use temperature-controlled manufacturing and avoid high-temperature filling or drying steps.
Odor Control
Decomposition of Ammonium Carbonate releases ammonia gas, which has a strong, unpleasant odor that can interfere with fragrance systems.
Solution: Use compatible fragrance components or essential oils (e.g., citrus, mint, lavender) to mask ammonia. Ensure airtight packaging to minimize exposure to air and moisture, and stabilize pH to reduce odor-triggering breakdown.
Ingredient Compatibility
Ammonium Carbonate can react with acidic or oxidizing ingredients, leading to premature breakdown and reduced product performance.
Solution: Conduct compatibility testing with acids, preservatives, and actives. If needed, separate reactive components using encapsulation or adjust the phase order during mixing.
Is Ammonium Carbonate Safe in Cosmetics?
Safety reports for Ammonium Carbonate are given below:
- Safety Assessment of Carbonate Salts as Used in Cosmetics. Download PDF
Regulatory Considerations for Using Ammonium Carbonate in Cosmetic Formulations
Few regulatory considerations are to be taken into account before using Ammonium Carbonate as an ingredient. Given below is the list of those regulations:
FDA Requirements: Ammonium Carbonate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use as a general-purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products, provided it adheres to good manufacturing or feeding practices.
CERCLA Reportable Quantities: Releases exceeding 5,000 lb (2,270 kg) of Ammonium Carbonate must be reported immediately to the National Response Center (NRC) under CERCLA guidelines.
Clean Water Act Requirements: Ammonium Carbonate is designated as a hazardous substance under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Regulations apply to any discharges, including its isomers, hydrates, and mixtures.
New Zealand EPA Inventory of Chemical Status:
- Carbonic acid, ammonium salt: Approved under group standards, no individual approval required.
- Carbonic acid, diammonium salt: Approved under group standards, no individual approval required.
Ammonium Carbonate Side Effects
Ammonium Carbonate exhibits low toxicity under controlled conditions but can cause irritation if ingested, inhaled, or exposed to skin or eyes. Inhalation of dust may lead to respiratory discomfort, while prolonged exposure could exacerbate symptoms.
It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food applications but requires precautionary handling in industrial and laboratory settings. Proper ventilation, use of personal protective equipment, and adherence to safety guidelines are recommended to mitigate potential risks.
Interactions
In studies with guinea pigs, Ammonium Carbonate reduced the lethality of sulfuric acid mist by reacting with the acid and lowering its concentration.
Human Toxicity Excerpts
Ingestion can cause gastrointestinal disturbances, while inhalation of its dust may irritate the respiratory tract. Symptoms such as nausea, coughing, or throat discomfort may arise. It is moderately toxic when ingested in large amounts.
Non-Human Toxicity Values
Ammonium Carbonate has an LD50 of 96 mg/kg in mice when administered intravenously, indicating relatively high acute toxicity through this exposure route.
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts
Decomposing ammonium compounds in fertilizers may release toxic levels of ammonia gas, posing risks to livestock and confined animals.
Antidote and Emergency Treatment
- Immediate First Aid: Perform decontamination immediately. If not breathing, administer artificial respiration and begin CPR if needed. Rinse eyes with water for contamination. Do not induce vomiting. Keep the patient calm and seek immediate medical assistance.
- Basic Treatment: Ensure airway patency, monitor respiratory function, and provide oxygen if required. For eye exposure, irrigate with saline continuously during transport. Do not neutralize or use emetics for ingestion.
- Advanced Treatment: In severe respiratory distress, intubate and provide positive-pressure ventilation. Administer beta agonists for bronchospasm and monitor cardiac rhythm for arrhythmias. Treat hypovolemia with cautious fluid replacement and use vasopressors if needed.
Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
- Effects in Breastfed Infants: Potential for minor gastrointestinal disturbances in infants has been noted for similar compounds. Healthcare providers recommend avoiding unnecessary exposure.
Environmental and Sustainability Impact
Ammonium Carbonate is used in cosmetics primarily as a pH adjuster, buffering agent, and sometimes as a mild foaming agent or leavening component. It may be found in products like hair care, bath soaks, and some skin formulations. When used in small amounts, its direct environmental impact is relatively low, though certain environmental concerns exist:
Environmental Impact
- Water Pollution: Ammonium Carbonate breaks down in water into ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water. Ammonia, when released in significant amounts, can be harmful to aquatic life, contributing to eutrophication and potential oxygen depletion in water bodies.
- Carbon Footprint: Its production involves the reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide, both of which have environmental costs if derived from non-renewable sources. Like ammonium bicarbonate, the carbon footprint can be notable due to energy usage, though the cosmetic-scale impact is small compared to industrial uses.
Sustainability
The sustainability of Ammonium Carbonate is influenced by its sourcing, manufacturing process, and how it’s managed post-use.
- Raw Materials: Ammonium Carbonate is synthesized from ammonia and carbon dioxide—both typically derived from fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.
- Energy Use: Production can be energy-intensive, especially when fossil fuels are used. Switching to renewable energy sources during manufacture would improve sustainability.
- End-of-Life Impact: Once disposed of, Ammonium Carbonate decomposes into ammonia and carbon dioxide. While both are biodegradable, ammonia can contribute to localized water pollution if discharged improperly.
Biodegradability and Toxicity
Ammonium Carbonate is biodegradable and breaks down into naturally occurring substances. However, the ammonia released can be toxic to aquatic organisms in high concentrations, especially in poorly managed wastewater.
Ammonia Toxicity: High concentrations of ammonia are toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates and can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. Although cosmetic use is minimal, improper disposal or accumulation from multiple sources can pose risks.
Eco-Friendly Alternatives
Several alternatives to Ammonium Carbonate offer similar functionality with potentially lower environmental impact:
- Citric Acid: A naturally derived acid from citrus fruits, citric acid serves as an effective pH adjuster and is biodegradable, making it environmentally preferable.
- Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda): A versatile, eco-friendly pH regulator and mild exfoliant that is widely used in cosmetics, sodium bicarbonate is more stable and biodegradable.
- Natural Acids: Tartaric acid (from grapes) and lactic acid (from fermented plant sources) are effective, biodegradable pH adjusters and are generally safer for ecosystems.
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